Kuvandudzwa uye chimiro chezvakasvibirira zvekurongedza kubva muzana ramakore idzva, hupfumi hwenyika yangu huri kuramba huchikura nekukurumidza, asi huri kutarisana nekumwe kupokana panguva yekuvandudza hupfumi.Kune rimwe divi, nekuda kwekufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwesimba renyukireya, tekinoroji yeruzivo, biotechnology uye tekinoroji yekugadzirwa kwepamusoro muzana ramakore rapfuura, nzanga yevanhu yakaunganidza hupfumi hwakasimba husina kumboitika uye budiriro yemweya.Vanhu vanotsvaga hupenyu hwepamusoro uye vanotarisira kurarama hupenyu hune hutano.Hupenyu hwakachengeteka uye hwakareba.Kune rumwe rutivi, vanhu vari kutarisana nematambudziko akakomba munhau, akadai sekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa, kupera kwesimba, kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuparara kwezvisikwa zvipenyu ( ice caps, masango, nzvimbo dzine mvura, kuderedzwa kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, gwenga, mvura yeasidhi, dutu rejecha, Chihu, kusanaya kwemvura Nguva zhinji, greenhouse effect, kushata kwemamiriro okunze eEl Niño), zvose izvi zvinotyisidzira kurarama kwevanhu.Kubva pane kupokana kwataurwa pamusoro apa, pfungwa yebudiriro inoenderera iri kuramba ichitaurwa pachirongwa.
Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development) zvinoreva budiriro inokwanisa kuzadzisa zvido zvevanhu vemazuva ano pasina kukanganisa zvido zvezvizvarwa zvinotevera.Mune mamwe mazwi, inoreva kufambiswa kwakarongeka kwehupfumi, nzanga, zviwanikwa, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.Igadziriro isingaparadzanisiki iyo haizadziki bedzi chinangwa chebudiriro youpfumi, asi inodzivirirawo mhepo yakapoteredza pasi, mvura yakachena, gungwa, ivhu, uye ivhu izvo vanhu vanotsamira pazviri kuti vararame.Zviwanikwa zvakadai semasango nemhoteredzo zvinogonesa zvizvarwa zvinotevera kukura zvine mwero uye kugara nekushanda murunyararo nekugutsikana.Kubudirira kwepasi rose kunosanganisira zvishanu zvakakosha: rubatsiro rwebudiriro, mvura yakachena, kutengeserana kwegirinhi, kusimudzira simba nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.Sustainable development uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza hazvina hukama chete, asi hazvina kufanana.Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu chakakosha chebudiriro inoenderera.Ichi chinyorwa chinoda kutanga nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kutaura nezve budiriro uye ikozvino mamiriro epurasitiki ekutakura zvinhu izvo zvatisingakwanise kuita pasina kubva pakuona kwekusimudzira kwakasimba.Mumakore anopfuura makumi maviri kubva payakapinda munyika yangu, kubuda kwemapurasitiki kwave pachinzvimbo chechina pasi rose.Zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvakaoma kuderedza, uye kukuvadza kwakakomba kwe "kusvibiswa kwakachena" kwakakonzera kurasikirwa kusingaenzaniswi kunzanga nemhoteredzo.Gore negore, nzvimbo yakakura inoraswa kuviga marara epurasitiki.Kana ikasadzorwa, ichaunza kuvadziko huru kuvana vedu navazukuru, kupasi ratinorarama pairi, uye inokanganisa budiriro inogarisa yenyika.
Naizvozvo, kutsvaga zviwanikwa zvitsva zvekusimudzira, kuongorora nekutsvaga zvakatipoteredza zvakasvibira zvekurongedza zvinhu zvave musoro wakakosha wekusimudzira nzanga yevanhu.Kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1980 kusvika nhasi uno, vashandi vesainzi nevetekinoroji kubva kumativi ese enyika vakaita basa rakawanda rekuongorora kubva pakudzokorodza zvinhu zvekurongedza zvepurasitiki kusvika pakutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva zvekutsiva zvisingaparare zvepurasitiki zvekurongedza.Zvinoenderana neyakasiyana nzira dzekuparadza dzemapurasitiki anoshandiswa kurongedza zvinhu, parizvino, akanyanya kukamurwa muzvikamu zvishanu: mapurasitiki anoora kaviri, polypropylene, uswa fiber, zvigadzirwa zvemapepa, uye zvizere biodegradable kurongedza zvinhu.
1. Purasitiki yakapetwa kaviri: kuwedzera starch kupurasitiki kunonzi biodegradable plastic, kuwedzera photodegradation initiator inonzi photodegradable plastic, uye kuwedzera starch uye photodegradation initiator panguva imwe chete inonzi purasitiki inoparara kaviri.Sezvo mapurasitiki maviri-akaparara haakwanisi kukanganisa zvachose chikamu chehurumende, inogona kungoderedzwa kuva zvidimbu zviduku kana upfu, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza hakugoni kuderedzwa zvachose, asi zvakanyanya kuipa.Iwo mafotosensitizers mumapurasitiki akareruka uye akapetwa kaviri-anoparara ane madhigirii akasiyana ehupfu, uye mamwe anotoita carcinogens.Mazhinji mafotodegradation ekutanga anoumbwa anthracene, phenanthrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, alkylamine, anthraquinone uye zvinobva kwavari.Makomponi aya ese ane chepfu uye anogona kukonzera gomarara mushure mekuratidzwa kwenguva refu.Mishonga iyi inogadzira mahara radicals pasi pechiedza, uye mahara radicals ichava nemhedzisiro yakaipa pamuviri wemunhu maererano nekuchembera, pathogenic zvinhu, etc. Izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kune vese, uye zvinokonzeresa kukuvadza kukuru kune zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza.Muna 1995, iyo US FDA (pfupi yeChikafu neDrug Administration) yakataura zvakajeka kuti mapurasitiki anogona kuparara haagone kushandiswa mukurongedza chikafu.
2. Polypropylene: Polypropylene yakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumusika weChina mushure mekunge State Economic and Trade Commission yepakutanga yabudisa murairo we6 "kurambidza kuraswa kwepurasitiki tableware".Nekuti iyo yaimbove State Economic and Trade Commission yakarambidza "mapurasitiki ane furo" uye haina kurambidza "mapurasitiki asina furo" zvigadzirwa, vamwe vanhu vakatora mukana iwoyo mikaha mumitemo yenyika.Hupfu hwepolypropylene hwakwezva kutarisisa kweHofisi yeChikafu cheVadzidzi yeHurumende yedhorobha reBeijing.Beijing yatanga kurambidza kushandiswa kwepolypropylene tableware pakati pevadzidzi vepuraimari nepakati.
3. Zvekurongedza zvemashanga: Sezvo matambudziko eruvara, hutsanana, uye mashandisirwo esimba ehuswa hwepackaging zvinhu zvakaoma kugadzirisa, zviyero zvemidziyo yekurongedzera zvakaburitswa neyaimbova State Economic and Trade Commission uye State Technical Supervision Bureau muna Zvita 1999 zvaisanganisira. Rudzi, hutsanana, uye masimbi anorema emidziyo yekurongedza ndizvo zvakakosha zvekuongorora zvinhu, izvo zvinotadzisa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadaro pamusika.Uyezve, dambudziko resimba reuswa fiber packaging zvinhu harina kugadziriswa, uye harigone kushandiswa sekuvhundutsa-kurongedza kurongedza kwemidziyo yemumba uye zviridzwa, uye mutengo wakakwira.
4. Pepa chigadzirwa chekurongedza zvinhu: Nekuti pepa chigadzirwa chekurongedza zvinhu zvinoda huwandu hukuru hwehuni, uye yakawanda yehuni pulp inowedzerwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana (sepakarepo noodle ndiro dzinoda kuwedzera 85-100% yehuni pulp kuchengetedza. kusimba uye kusimba kwembiya yenoodle pakarepo),
Packaging Material Yekuyedza Center-Yakanakisa Packaging uye Yekufambisa Yekuyedza Center ndeyesainzi uye yakanaka.Nenzira iyi, kusvibiswa kwekutanga-kusvibiswa kwepulp inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemapepa kwakakomba zvikuru, uye kukanganisa kwehuni hwehuni pane zvisikwa zvepanyama zvakare.Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwayo kune zvishoma.United States yakashandisa huwandu hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvekurongedza mapepa muma1980 nema1980, asi zvakatsiviwa ne starch-based biodegradable materials.
5.Zvakazara biodegradable pakurongedzerwa zvinhu: Mukutanga 1990s, nyika yangu, pamwe nenyika dzakabudirira dzakaita seUnited States, Germany, Japan, neSouth Korea, zvakatevedzana vakaita tsvakiridzo pamusoro pe starch-based biodegradable packaging zvinhu, uye vakawana mhedzisiro inogutsa.Sechisikigo chakaora, biodegradable polymer yakaita basa rakasiyana mukuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kutsvagisa kwayo nekusimudzira kwakagadzirwawo nekukurumidza.Izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti biodegradable zvinhu zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvinhu zvinogona kugayiwa zvachose nema microorganisms uye zvinongoburitsa zvakasikwa ne-zvigadzirwa (carbon dioxide, methane, mvura, biomass, nezvimwewo).
Sechinhu chinoraswa chekurongedza, starch haina kusvibiswa panguva yekugadzira uye kushandiswa, uye inogona kushandiswa sechikafu mushure mekushandisa kudyisa hove nedzimwe mhuka, uye inogona zvakare kuderedzwa sefetereza.Pakati pezvizhinji zvakazara biodegradable packaging zvinhu, polylactic acid (PLA), iyo polymerized ne biosynthetic lactic acid, yave yakanyanya kushanda muongorori mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanaka uye maitiro ekushandisa ezvose zviri zviviri bioengineering zvinhu uye biomedical zvinhu.biomatadium.Polylactic acid ipolymer inowanikwa nekugadzirwa kwekemikari yelactic acid inogadzirwa nekuvirisa kwebiological, asi inoramba ichichengetedza biocompatibility uye biodegradability.Naizvozvo, polylactic asidhi inogona kugadziridzwa kuita zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurongedza zvinhu, uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwePLA kugadzirwa kunongova 20% -50% yeiyo yechinyakare petrochemical zvigadzirwa, uye iyo carbon dioxide gasi inogadzirwa inongoenderana 50%.
Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, rudzi rutsva rwezvakakwana biodegradable packaging material-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) yakagadziridzwa nekukurumidza.Iyo intracellular polyester yakagadzirwa neakawanda tupukanana uye yakasikwa polymer biomaterial.Iyo ine yakanaka biocompatibility, biodegradability uye yekupisa yekugadziridza zvimiro zvepurasitiki, uye inogona kushandiswa sebiomedical zvinhu uye biodegradable kurongedza zvinhu.Iyi yave inonyanya kushanda yekutsvagisa hotspot mumunda wegirini yekurongedza zvinhu mumakore achangopfuura.Asi maererano nehutano hwemazuva ano, hazvina kukodzera kufunga kuti kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogona kugadzirisa "kusvibiswa kwakachena", nokuti kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa izvi hakuna kunaka, uye kuchine matambudziko akawanda.Chekutanga, mutengo webiodegradable polymer zvinhu wakakwira uye hazvisi nyore kusimudzira nekushandisa.Semuenzaniso, iyo inoshatisa polypropylene yekukurumidza chikafu bhokisi inosimudzirwa pachitima munyika yangu i50% kusvika 80% yakakwirira kupfuura yekutanga polystyrene foam yekukurumidza chikafu bhokisi.
Chechipiri, kuita kwacho hakusati kuchigutsa.Imwe yezvakanyanya kuipa kwekuita kwayo kwekushandisa ndeyekuti ese mapurasitiki ane starch anoora ane kushomeka kwemvura, kusasimba kunyorova, uye kuderedzwa kwakanyanya kwemakanika maitiro kana akaiswa mumvura.Kupokana kwemvura ndiko kwakanakira mapurasitiki azvino panguva yekushandiswa.Semuyenzaniso, iyo light-biodegradable polypropylene fast food box hainyanyi kushanda pane iripo polystyrene foam fast food box, yakapfava, uye iri nyore kukanganisa kana chikafu chinopisa chaiswa.Styrofoam lunch boxes ari 1 ~ 2 times hombe.Polyvinyl doro-starch biodegradable plastiki inoshandiswa sechinhu chinoraswa cushioning zvinhu zvekurongedza.Kuenzaniswa neyakajairwa polyvinyl doro cushioning zvinhu, iyo inooneka density yakakwira zvishoma, zviri nyore kudzika pasi pekushisa kwakanyanya uye hunyoro hwepamusoro, uye zviri nyore kunyungudika mumvura.Mvura inonyungudika.
Chetatu, dambudziko rekudzikisira kudzora kwezvinhu zvinoshatisa zvepolymer zvinoda kugadziriswa.Sechinhu chekurongedza, chinoda imwe nguva yekushandiswa, uye pane gaka rakakura pakati pekutonga nguva kwakaringana uye kuparara kwakazara uye nekukurumidza mushure mekushandiswa.Pachine mukaha wakakura pakati pezvinoda kuitwa, kunyanya kune akazadzwa starch mapurasitiki, mazhinji ayo asingagone kuderedzwa mukati megore rimwe.Kunyangwe zviedzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kuti huremu hwavo hwemamorekuru hunodonha zvakanyanya pasi pekuita kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet, izvi hazvina kufanana nezvinodiwa zvinoshanda.Munyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seUnited States neEurope, hadzina kugamuchirwa nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza uye veruzhinji.Chechina, iyo nzira yekuongorora yebiodegradability yezvinhu zvepolymer inoda kuvandudzwa.Nekuda kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvinotadzisa kuparara kwemapurasitiki anoparara, kune misiyano yakawanda munzvimbo yenzvimbo, mamiriro ekunze, kuumbwa kwevhu, uye nzira dzekurasa marara dzenyika dzakasiyana.Naizvozvo, zvinorehwa nekudzikisirwa, kana nguva yekudzikisira inofanirwa kutsanangurwa, uye kuti chii chigadzirwa chekudzikisira, nyaya idzi dzatadza kusvika pakubvumirana.Nzira dzekuongorora uye zviyero zvakatosiyana zvakanyanya.Zvinotora nguva kumisikidza yakabatana uye yakakwana yekuongorora nzira..Chechishanu, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshatisa zvepolymer zvinokanganisa kudzokororwa kwezvinhu zvepolymer, uye zvinodikanwa kumisikidza inopindirana zvivakwa zvekugadzirisa zvezvakashandiswa biodegradable zvinhu.Kunyangwe izvo zvinoshatisa zvepurasitiki zvekurongedza zvinhu zvakagadziriswa parizvino hazvina kunyatsogadzirisa dambudziko riri kuramba richiwedzera "kusvibiswa kwechena", ichiri nzira inoshanda yekudzikisa kupokana.Kuonekwa kwayo hakungowedzere mabasa emapurasitiki, asiwo kunorerutsa hukama pakati pevanhu nenzvimbo, uye inosimudzira budiriro yepasirese.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-08-2021