Uphuhliso kunye nobume bezinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza Ukusukela kwinkulungwane entsha, uqoqosho lwelizwe lam luqhubekile lukhula ngesantya esiphezulu, kodwa lukwajongene nokuchasana ngelixa uphuhliso loqoqosho.Kwelinye icala, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yamandla enyukliya, ubuchwephesha bolwazi, iteknoloji yebhayoloji kunye nobuchwephesha obuhambele phambili bemveliso kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, uluntu luziqwebele ubutyebi bezinto eziphathekayo obunamandla angazange abonwe ngaphambili kunye nempucuko yokomoya.Abantu basukela umgangatho wobomi obuphezulu kwaye banethemba lokuphila ubomi obusempilweni.Ukhuseleko kunye nobomi obude.Kwelinye icala, abantu bajamelene neyona ntlekele inkulu kwimbali, njengokunqongophala kwezixhobo, ukuncipha kwamandla, ukungcoliseka kwendalo, ukuwohloka kwemvelo yendalo (i-ice caps, ingca, imigxobhozo, ukuncitshiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukutshabalala kwentlango, imvula yeasidi, izaqhwithi zesanti, iChihu; Imbalela Ukutshintsha kwemozulu rhoqo, ukuguquguquka kweEl Niño), zonke ezi zinto zisongela ubomi boluntu.Ngokusekelwe koku kuphikisana okukhankanywe ngasentla, ingqikelelo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo iya ikhankanywa ngakumbi kwi-ajenda.
Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lubhekiselele kuphuhliso olunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu bangoku ngaphandle kokonakalisa iimfuno zezizukulwana ezizayo.Ngamanye amazwi, ibhekisa kuphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo lwezoqoqosho, uluntu, izixhobo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.Ziyinkqubo engenakwahlulwa engapheleli nje ekufikeleleni usukelo lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kodwa ikwakhusela umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, amanzi acocekileyo, ulwandle, umhlaba, nomhlaba abantu abaxhomekeke kuwo ukuze baphile.Ubuncwane bendalo obufana namahlathi kunye nokusingqongileyo buvumela izizukulwana ezizayo ukuba zikhule ngokuzinzileyo kwaye ziphile kwaye zisebenze ngoxolo nolwaneliseko.Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi lubandakanya iingongoma ezintlanu eziphambili: uncedo lophuhliso, amanzi acocekileyo, urhwebo ngohlaza, uphuhliso lwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo akunxulumananga kuphela, kodwa akufani.Ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo yinkalo ebalulekileyo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo.Eli nqaku lifuna ukuqala ngokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuthetha malunga nophuhliso kunye nemeko yangoku yezinto zokupakisha zeplastiki esingenakwenza ngaphandle kombono wophuhliso oluzinzileyo.Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 ukusukela oko yangena kwilizwe lam, imveliso yeeplastiki ikwindawo yesine kwihlabathi.Iimveliso zeplastiki zinzima ukuthotywa, kwaye ingozi enkulu "yokungcola okumhlophe" kwayo kubangele ilahleko engenakulinganiswa kuluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo.Nyaka ngamnye, kuchithwa isixa esikhulu somhlaba ukuze kungcwatywe inkunkuma yeplastiki.Ukuba ayilawulwa, iya kuzisa umonakalo omkhulu kubantwana bethu nabazukulwana bethu, kumhlaba esiphila kuwo, kwaye kuchaphazele uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi.
Ngoko ke, ukukhangela izixhobo ezintsha zophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ukuhlola kunye nokuphanda izinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kuye kwaba sisihloko esibalulekileyo sophuhliso oluzinzileyo loluntu.Ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abasebenzi bezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe abavela kwihlabathi liphela benze umsebenzi omninzi wokuphonononga ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwezinto zokupakisha zeplastiki ukuya kukhangelo lwezixhobo ezitsha zokubuyisela imathiriyeli yokupakisha yeplastiki engonakali.Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthotywa kweeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa ukupakisha izinto, okwangoku, zohlulwe kakhulu zibe ziindidi ezintlanu: iiplastiki ezinokonakala kabini, iipolypropylene, iintsinga zengca, iimveliso zephepha, kunye nezinto zokupakisha ezinokubola ngokupheleleyo.
1. Iplastiki eyonakaliswa kabini: ukongeza istatshi kwiplastiki kubizwa ngokuba yiplastiki enokubola, ukongeza i-photodegradation initiator ibizwa ngokuba yi-photodegradable plastic, kwaye ukongeza istatshi kunye ne-photodegradation initiator ngaxeshanye ibizwa ngokuba yi-double-degradable plastic.Ekubeni iplastiki ephindwe kabini ayinakuthotywa ngokupheleleyo icandelo lecandelo, linokuthi lihlanjululwe libe ngamaqhekeza amancinci okanye i-powder, kwaye umonakalo wendalo yendalo awukwazi ukuba buthathaka kuzo zonke, kodwa kubi nakakhulu.Iifotosensitizers kwiiplastiki ezinokonakala ukukhanya kunye neeplastiki ezonakaliswe kabini zinemigangatho eyahluka-hlukeneyo yobutyhefu, kwaye ezinye zinomhlaza.Uninzi lwabaqalisi befotodegradation baqulunqwe nge-anthracene, phenanthrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, alkylamine, anthraquinone kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo.Ezi khompawundi zonke zizinto eziyityhefu kwaye zinokubangela umhlaza emva kokuba sesichengeni ixesha elide.Ezi zixhobo zivelisa i-radicals yamahhala phantsi kokukhanya, kwaye i-radicals yamahhala iya kuba nemiphumo emibi kumzimba womntu ngokuguga, izinto ze-pathogenic, njl. Oku kuyaziwa kubo bonke, kwaye kubangela ingozi enkulu kwindalo yendalo.Ngo-1995, i-US FDA (ifutshane yoLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs) yachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba iiplastiki ezihlanjululwayo azinakusetyenziswa kwipakethe yoqhagamshelwano lokutya.
2. I-Polypropylene: I-Polypropylene yenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwimarike yaseTshayina emva kokuba iKomishoni yezoQoqosho noRhwebo yasekuqaleni ikhuphe umyalelo we-6 "ukuthintela i-tableware yeplastiki enegwebu elahlayo".Ngenxa yokuba iKomishoni yezoQoqosho noRhwebo kaRhulumente yangaphambili yavala "iiplastiki ezinogwebu" kwaye ayizange ivimbe "iiplastiki ezingenagwebu" iimveliso, abanye abantu bathatha ithuba lezithuba kwimigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe.Ubuthi bepolypropylene buye batsala ingqalelo yeOfisi yeSondlo yaBafundi kuRhulumente kaMasipala waseBeijing.IBeijing sele iqalile ukuvala ukusetyenziswa kwetafile yepolypropylene phakathi kwabafundi bezikolo zaseprayimari naphakathi.
3. Izinto zokupakisha iifayibha zestraw: Njengoko umbala, ugutyulo, kunye neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kwamandla ezinto zokupakisha zengca kunzima ukusombulula, imigangatho yemathiriyeli yokupakisha eyakhutshwa yiKomishoni yangaphambili yezoQoqosho noRhwebo kaRhulumente kunye ne-State Technical Supervision Bureau ngoDisemba 1999 iqukiwe. Umbala, ucoceko, kunye nesinyithi esinzima sezinto zokupakisha zizinto eziphambili zokuhlola, ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinjalo kwimarike.Ngaphezu koko, ingxaki yamandla ezinto zokupakisha iifayibha zengca ayikasonjululwa, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa njengepakethe yobungqina bokuthuthumela kwezixhobo zasekhaya kunye nezixhobo, kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu.
4. Izinto zokupakisha imveliso yephepha: Ngenxa yokuba izinto zokupakisha imveliso yephepha zifuna isixa esikhulu sepulp, kwaye isixa esikhulu somthi womthi wongezwa ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo (ezifana nezitya zenoodle ezikhawulezayo kufuneka zongeze i-85-100% yentlama yeenkuni ukuze igcinwe. amandla kunye nokuqina kwesitya se-noodle esikhawulezileyo),
Iziko loVavanyo lokuPakisha-Elona ziko lokuPakisha kunye noVavanyo lwezoThutho lwenzululwazi kwaye lulungile.Ngale ndlela, ungcoliseko lokuqala lwe-pulp olusetyenziswa kwiimveliso zephepha lubi kakhulu, kwaye impembelelo yomthi kwimithombo yendalo nayo inkulu.Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe.I-United States yasebenzisa isixa esikhulu seemveliso zokupakisha zamaphepha ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kunye nee-1980, kodwa ngokusisiseko iye yathatyathelw’ indawo yimathiriyeli enokubola esekelwe kwisitatshi.
5.Imathiriyeli yokupakisha enokubola ngokupheleleyo: Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ilizwe lam, kunye namazwe aphuhlileyo anjenge-United States, iJamani, iJapan, noMzantsi Korea, ngokulandelelanayo lenza uphando ngemathiriyeli yokupakisha esekelwe kwisitatshi, laze lafumana iziphumo ezanelisayo.Njengemathiriyeli eyonakaliswa ngokwemvelo, i-polymer enokubola iye yadlala indima ekhethekileyo ekukhuselweni kwendalo, kwaye uphando kunye nophuhliso lwayo luphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza.Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-biodegradable materials kufuneka zibe zizixhobo ezinokugaywa ngokupheleleyo yi-microorganisms kwaye zivelise kuphela iimveliso zendalo (i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, amanzi, i-biomass, njl.).
Njengesixhobo sokupakisha esilahlwayo, isitatshi asinangcoliseko ngexesha lemveliso nokusetyenziswa, kwaye sinokusetyenziswa njengesondlo emva kokusetyenziswa kokutyisa iintlanzi nezinye izilwanyana, kwaye sisenokonakaliswa njengesichumiso.Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi zokupakisha ezipheleleyo, i-polylactic acid (i-PLA), eyenziwa yi-polymerized yi-biosynthetic lactic acid, iye yaba ngumphandi osebenzayo kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva nje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa kwezinto zombini ze-bioengineering kunye nezixhobo ze-biomedical.biomatadium.Iasidi yePolylactic yipolima efunyenwe ngokudityaniswa kweekhemikhali ezenziweyo ze-lactic acid eveliswa kukubiliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa isagcina ukuhambelana kakuhle kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokubola.Ngoko ke, i-polylactic acid inokucutshungulwa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla emveliso ye-PLA yi-20% -50% kuphela yemveliso ye-petrochemical yemveli, kunye ne-carbon dioxide gas eveliswa ngokuhambelana ne-50%.
Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, udidi olutsha lwe-biodegradable packaging material-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) luphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza.Yipolyester ye-intracellular edityaniswe zii-microorganisms ezininzi kunye nendalo yepolymer biomaterial.Ine-biocompatibility elungileyo, i-biodegradability kunye ne-thermal processing properties yeplastiki, kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengezinto ze-biomedical kunye ne-biodegradable package materials.Oku kuye kwaba yeyona ndawo isebenzayo yophando kwinkalo yezinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Kodwa ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lobugcisa langoku, akufanelekanga ukucinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto ezichithwayo kunokusombulula "ukungcola okumhlophe", kuba ukusebenza kwesicelo sale mveliso akufanelekile, kwaye kusekho iingxaki ezininzi.Okokuqala, ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo zepolymer liphezulu kwaye akulula ukukhuthaza nokusebenzisa.Umzekelo, ibhokisi yokutya okukhawulezayo ye-polypropylene ekhuthazwa kuloliwe kwilizwe lam i-50% ukuya kwi-80% ephezulu kunebhokisi yokutya okukhawulezayo kwe-polystyrene foam.
Okwesibini, ukusebenza akukwanelisi.Enye yezona zinto zingalunganga ekusebenzeni kwayo kukuba zonke iiplastiki ezinesitatshi ezinokonakala zinokumelana namanzi okulambathayo, amandla angenamandla okumanzi, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu iimpawu zoomatshini xa bevezwe emanzini.Ukumelana namanzi ngokuchanekileyo inzuzo yeeplastiki zangoku ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.Umzekelo, i-polypropylene yokutya okukhawulezayo ye-light-biodegradable ayisebenzi kangako kunebhokisi ekhoyo ye-polystyrene foam yokutya okukhawulezayo, ithambile, kwaye kulula ukuyikhubaza xa kufakwa ukutya okushushu.Iibhokisi zesidlo sasemini ze-Styrofoam zinkulu 1 ~ 2 amaxesha amakhulu.Iplastiki yePolyvinyl alcohol-starch biodegradable biodegradable isetyenziswa njengesixhobo esilahlwayo sokupakisha.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto eziqhelekileyo ze-polyvinyl alcohol cushioning, ubuninzi bayo obubonakalayo buphezulu kancinane, kulula ukucutha phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma okuphezulu, kwaye kulula ukunyibilika emanzini.Izinto ezinyibilikayo emanzini.
Okwesithathu, ingxaki yokulawulwa kokuthotywa kwezixhobo zepolymer ezonakeleyo kufuneka zisonjululwe.Njengempahla yokupakisha, idinga ixesha elithile lokusetyenziswa, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kolawulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokuthotywa okupheleleyo kunye nokukhawuleza emva kokusetyenziswa.Kusekho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kweemfuno ezisebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiplastiki zesitatshi ezigcwalisiweyo, uninzi lwazo ezingenako ukuthotywa kunyaka omnye.Nangona iimvavanyo ezininzi zibonakalise ukuba ubunzima babo bemolekyuli behla kakhulu phantsi kwesenzo semitha ye-ultraviolet, oku akufani neemfuno ezisebenzayo.Kumazwe ahambele phambili njengeUnited States naseYurophu, azizange zamkelwe yimibutho yemekobume noluntu.Okwesine, indlela yovavanyo lwe-biodegradability ye-polymer materials ifuna ukuphuculwa.Ngenxa yezinto ezininzi ezithintela ukuthotywa komgangatho weeplastiki ezinokonakala, mininzi iyantlukwano kwimekobume yejografi, imozulu, ukwakheka komhlaba, kunye neendlela zokulahla inkunkuma kumazwe ahlukeneyo.Ngoko ke, kuthetha ukuthini ukuthotywa, nokuba ixesha lokuthotywa kufuneka lichazwe, kwaye yintoni imveliso yokuthotywa, le miba ayiphumelelanga ukufikelela kwisivumelwano.Iindlela zovavanyo kunye nemigangatho yahluke ngakumbi.Kuthatha ixesha ukuseka indlela yovavanyo emanyeneyo nepheleleyo..Okwesihlanu, ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yepolima enokonakala kuya kuchaphazela ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwemathiriyeli yepolymer, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuseka izibonelelo ezisisiseko ezihambelanayo zokusetyenzwa kwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ezinokuguquguquka.Nangona izinto zokupakisha zeplastiki ezonakeleyo eziphuhlisiwe ngoku zingekayisombululi ngokupheleleyo ingxaki “yongcoliseko olumhlophe” eyandayo, iseyindlela esebenzayo yokuphelisa ukuchasana.Ukubonakala kwayo akugcini nje ukwandisa imisebenzi yeeplastiki, kodwa kunciphisa ubudlelwane phakathi koluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye ikhuthaza uphuhliso lwehlabathi oluzinzileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-08-2021