Ii-apps, iincwadi, iimuvi, umculo, iinkqubo zeTV, kunye nobugcisa bukhuthaza abona bantu bayila kakhulu kwishishini kule nyanga.
Iqela eliphumelele ibhaso leentatheli, abaqulunqi, kunye nabathwebuli bevidiyo ababalisa amabali ebhrendi ngeLens yeNkampani ekhawulezayo.
Ukuba uthenga i-smoothie ePortland, e-Oregon, isiselo sinokuza kwikomityi yeplastiki evundisiweyo, ukhetho olunokwenziwa ngumnini ocingayo ukwenza umsebenzi wabo uzinze ngakumbi.Unokucinga, ngokukhawuleza, ukuba unceda ukunqanda inxalenye yengxaki yenkunkuma yehlabathi.Kodwa inkqubo yokwenziwa komgquba yasePortland, njengakwizixeko ezininzi, ivala ngokuthe ngqo ukupakishwa kwe-compostable kwimigqomo yayo eluhlaza-kwaye olu hlobo lweplastiki aluyi kuqhekeka kumgquba wasemva kwendlu.Nangona i-compostable ngokobuchwepheshe, isitya siya kuphelela kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma (okanye mhlawumbi elwandle), apho iplastiki inokuhlala ixesha elide njengeqabane layo le-fossil.
Ngomnye umzekelo wenkqubo enika isithembiso esimangalisayo sokulungisa ingxaki yethu yenkunkuma kodwa ineziphene ezinzulu.Ziidolophu ezimalunga ne-185 kuphela ezithatha inkunkuma yokutya kumda wokwenza umgquba, kwaye ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sezo ziyakwamkela ukupakishwa okuvundisiweyo.Eminye yaloo phakheji inokudityaniswa kuphela yindawo yokwenza umgquba kwimizi-mveliso;abanye abavundisi bamashishini bathi abafuni, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya umngeni wokuzama ukulungisa iplastiki eqhelekileyo, kwaye inyaniso inokuthatha ixesha elide ukuba iplastiki evundisiweyo iphuke kunenkqubo yabo yesiqhelo.Olunye uhlobo lokupakishwa okuvundisiweyo lunekhemikhali enxulunyaniswa nomhlaza.
Njengoko iinkampani zisokola ukujongana nomceli mngeni wokupakishwa kokusetyenziswa kanye, iinketho ezixutywayo ziya zixhaphaka ngakumbi, kwaye abathengi banokuyijonga njengento yokuhlamba eluhlaza ukuba bayazi ukuba ukupakishwa akunakuze kufakwe umgquba.Inkqubo, nangona kunjalo, iqala ukutshintsha, kubandakanya izinto ezintsha ezintsha kwimathiriyeli.“Ezi ziingxaki ezinokusonjululwa, ayizizo iingxaki zendalo,” utshilo uRhodes Yepsen, umlawuli olawulayo weZiko leeMveliso ezingenzi nzuzo zeBiodegradable.Ukuba isixokelelwano sinokulungiswa-kanye njengokuba inkqubo yokubuyisela ephukile kufuneka ilungiswe-inokuba yinto enye yokusombulula ingxaki enkulu yokukhula kwenkunkuma.Ayisosisombululo kuphela.U-Yepsen uthi iyavakala ukuqala ngokunciphisa ukupakishwa kunye nokubeka phambili iimveliso ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, kwaye emva koko uyila nantoni na eseleyo ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe okanye ihlanganiswe ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo.Kodwa ukupakishwa okuvundisiweyo kwenza ingqiqo ethile ekutyeni;ukuba ukutya kunye nokupakishwa kokutya kunokudityaniswa kunye, kunokunceda ukugcina ukutya okuninzi ngaphandle kwenkunkuma, apho ingowona mthombo we-methane, igesi enamandla yendlu eluhlaza.
Umgquba ukhawulezisa inkqubo yendalo yokubola kwe-organic matter-njenge-apile enesiqingatha-ngeendlela ezenza iimeko ezifanelekileyo ze-microorganisms ezitya inkunkuma.Kwezinye iimeko, loo nto ilula njengemfumba yokutya kunye nenkunkuma yeyadi ukuba umntu ajike ngesandla emva kwendlu.Umxube wobushushu, izondlo, kunye neoksijini kufuneka zichaneke ukuze inkqubo isebenze kakuhle;imigqomo ye-compost kunye nemigqomo yenza yonke into ibe shushu, nto leyo ekhawulezisa ukuguqulwa kwenkunkuma ibe yi-compost etyebileyo, emnyama enokuthi isetyenziswe egadini njengesichumisi.Ezinye iiyunithi ziyilelwe ukusebenza ngaphakathi ekhitshini.
Kwi-compost yasekhaya okanye imfumba yasemva kwendlu, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno zinokuqhekeka ngokulula.Kodwa umgqomo ongemva kwendlu awusayi kuba shushu ngokwaneleyo ukuba uchithe iplastiki evundisiweyo, njengebhokisi yokuthatha i-bioplastic okanye ifolokhwe eyenziwe ngePLA (i-polylactic acid), imathiriyeli eveliswa ngombona, ummoba, okanye ezinye izityalo.Ifuna indibaniselwano echanekileyo yobushushu, ubushushu, kunye nexesha-into enokwenzeka kuphela kwindawo yokwenza umgquba kwimizi-mveliso, kwaye ke kuphela kwezinye iimeko.UFrederik Wurm, usokhemisti kwiMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, ubize ii-PLA straws “ngumzekelo ogqibeleleyo wokuhlamba uhlaza,” kuba ukuba zithe zaphelela elwandle, aziyi konakala.
Uninzi lwamaziko okwenziwa komgquba kamasipala ekuqaleni ayeyilelwe ukuthatha inkunkuma eyadini njengamagqabi kunye namasebe, hayi ukutya.Nangoku, kumaziko angama-4,700 athatha inkunkuma eluhlaza, yi-3% kuphela ethatha ukutya.ISan Francisco yayisesinye sesixeko esathi kwangethuba ukuba samkele lo mbono, sivavanya ingqokelela yenkunkuma yokutya ngo-1996 saza sasungula eso sixeko siphela ngo-2002. ukuqala kulo nyaka.) Ngo-2009, iSan Francisco yaba sisixeko sokuqala e-US ukwenza ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yokutya kube sinyanzelo, ukuthumela iilori zenkunkuma yokutya kwindawo ethe saa eCalifornia's Central Valley, apho ibekwe phantsi kwaye ibekwe kwiimfumba ezinkulu, ezinomoya.Njengoko ii-microorganisms zihlafuna ukutya, iimfumba zifudumala ukuya kutsho kubushushu obuyi-170 degrees.Emva kwenyanga, izinto zisasazwa kwenye indawo, apho zijikwa ngoomatshini mihla le.Emva kweentsuku ezingama-90 ukuya kwezili-130, sele ilungele ukujongwa kwaye ithengiselwe amafama njengomgquba.I-Recology, inkampani eqhuba eli ziko, ithi imfuno yemveliso yomelele, ngakumbi njengoko iCalifornia ibandakanya ukusasaza umgquba kwiifama njengendlela yokunceda umhlaba ukufunxa ikhabhoni emoyeni ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Kwinkunkuma yokutya, isebenza kakuhle.Kodwa ukupakishwa kwe-compostable kunokuba ngumceli mngeni nakwindawo yobukhulu obunjalo.Ezinye iimveliso zinokuthatha kangangeenyanga ezintandathu ukuba ziqhekeke, kwaye isithethi seRecology sithi ezinye zezinto kufuneka zihlolwe ekugqibeleni kwaye ziqhube inkqubo okwesibini.Ezinye izikhongozeli ezininzi ezivundisiweyo zijongiwe kwasekuqaleni, kuba zikhangeleka njengeplastiki eqhelekileyo, kwaye zithunyelwa kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.Ezinye iindawo zokubumba umgquba ezisebenza ngokukhawuleza, zijolise ekuveliseni umgquba omninzi ukuze zithengiswe kangangoko, azivumi ukulinda iinyanga ukuze ifolokhwe ibole kwaye ungawamkeli kwaphela.
Uninzi lweengxowa ze-chip ziphela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, njengoko zenziwe ngeemaleko ezininzi zemathiriyeli ezingenako ukurisayikilishwa ngokulula.Ibhegi entsha ye-snack ekuphuhlisweni ngoku evela kwi-PepsiCo kunye nenkampani yokupakisha i-Danimer Scientific yahlukile: Yenziwe kwisixhobo esitsha esibizwa ngokuba yi-PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) ukuba uDanimer uya kuqalisa ukuvelisa ngokuthengisa kamva kulo nyaka, ingxowa yenzelwe ukuphuka ngokulula kangangokuba zivundiswe kumgquba osemva kwendlu, kwaye ziya kuqhekeka namanzi abandayo olwandle, kungashiyi iplastiki ngasemva.
Ikwinqanaba lokuqala, kodwa linyathelo elibalulekileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi.Ekubeni izikhongozeli ze-PLA eziqhelekileyo ngoku azikwazi ukuvundiswa ekhaya, kwaye izibonelelo zokuvundisa kwimizi-mveliso ziyathandabuza ukusebenzisana nezinto eziphathekayo, i-PHA ibonelela ngenye indlela.Ukuba iphelela kwindawo yokwenziwa komgquba kwimizi-mveliso, iya kuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza, incede ukusombulula enye yeengxaki zaloo mashishini.“Xa uthatha [i-PLA] kwicompost yokwenyani, bafuna ukuyijika loo nto ngokukhawuleza,” utshilo uStephen Croskrey, i-CEO kaDanimer.“Kuba xa bekhawuleza ukuyijika, kokukhona befumana imali eninzi.Izinto eziphathekayo ziya kuphuka kwi-compost yazo.Abayithandi nje into yokuba ithatha ixesha elide kunoko bafuna ithathe. ”
I-PHA, enokuthi iguqulwe ibe yimveliso eyahlukeneyo yeplastiki, yenziwe ngokwahlukileyo."Sithatha i-oyile yemifuno kwaye siyityisa ibhaktheriya," kusho uCroskrey.Iibhaktheriya zenza iplastiki ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye ukubunjwa kuthetha ukuba ibhaktheriya iphinda iphule ngokulula kuneplastiki eqhelekileyo yezityalo."Kutheni isebenza kakuhle kangaka kwi-biodegradation kungenxa yokuba iyindawo yokutya ekhethiweyo yeebhaktheriya.Ke nje ukuba uyivezele kwiibhaktheriya, ziyakuqala ukuyixuba, kwaye iya kuhamba. ”(Kwishelufa yevenkile enkulu okanye ilori yokuhambisa, apho kukho iibhaktheriya ezimbalwa, ukupakishwa kuya kuzinza ngokupheleleyo.) Iimvavanyo ziqinisekisile ukuba ide iphule emanzini abandayo olwandle.
Ukunika ithuba lokuba iphakheji ifakwe umgquba ekhaya kunokuncedisa ukuvala isithuba kubantu abangenako ukufikelela kwi-compost kwi-curb."Okukhona sinokususa izithintelo kubathengi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuhlobo lokubumba umgquba okanye ukurisayikilisha, kungcono," utshilo uSimon Lowden, umongameli kunye negosa eliyintloko lentengiso yokutya kwehlabathi ePepsiCo, okhokela i-ajenda yeplastiki ezinzileyo yenkampani.Inkampani isebenza kwizisombululo ezininzi zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye neemarike, kubandakanywa nengxowa ye-chip enokuphinda isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo eza kuthengisa ngokukhawuleza.Kodwa ibhegi enokubola inokwenza ingqiqo ngakumbi kwiindawo apho kukho amandla okuyidiliza.Ibhegi entsha iza kuthengiswa ngo-2021. (uNestlé ukwaceba ukusebenzisa izinto ukwenza iibhotile zamanzi zeplastiki, nangona ezinye iingcali zixoxa ngelithi ukupakishwa okuvundisiweyo kufuneka kusetyenziswe kuphela kwiimveliso ezingenakuphinda zisetyenziswe okanye ziphinde zisetyenziswe.) IPepsiCo ijolisa ukwenza yonke ipakethe yayo iphinde isetyenziswe, ivundiswe, okanye ikwazi ukubola ngo-2025 ukunceda ngeenjongo zayo zemozulu.
Ukuba i-material ayivundiswanga kwaye igalelwe inkunkuma ngempazamo, iya kunyamalala.“Ukuba imveliso yefosili esekwe kwipetroli okanye imveliso evundisiweyo kwimizi-mveliso ingena emlanjeni okanye kwenye into ize iphelele elwandle, imane izulazula phaya ngaphandle ngonaphakade,” utsho uCroskrey."Imveliso yethu, ukuba ilahlwa njengenkunkuma, iya kuhamba."Ngenxa yokuba yenziwe nge-oyile yemifuno kune-fuel fuels, ikwanayo nekhabhoni esezantsi.I-Pepsi iqikelela ukuba ukupakishwa kuya kuba ne-40-50% ye-carbon footprint ephantsi kune-package yangoku eguquguqukayo.
Olunye utshintsho kwimathiriyeli lunokunceda.I-Loliware, eyenza i-straws kwizinto ezisekelwe kwi-seaweed, yenzelwe imiququ ukuba "i-hyper-compostable" (kwaye idle).I-CuanTec eseSkotlani yenza isigqubuthelo seplastiki kumaqokobhe amaqokobhe-eyona nto ivenkile enkulu yase-UK iceba ukuyisebenzisa ukusonga intlanzi-enokuthi ivundiswe ngasemva kwendlu.I-Cambridge Crops yenza i-edible, incasa, ezinzileyo (kunye ne-compostable) umaleko okhuselayo wokutya onokunceda ukuphelisa imfuno yokusongela iplastiki.
Kwangoko kulo nyaka, enye indawo enkulu yokwenza umgquba e-Oregon yabhengeza ukuba, emva kweshumi leminyaka yokwamkela ukupakishwa okuvundisiweyo, ayisayi kuphinda.Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu, bathi, kukuba kunzima kakhulu ukuchonga ukuba iphakheji iyavuthwa."Ukuba ubona ikomityi ecacileyo, awazi ukuba yenziwe ngePLA okanye iplastiki eqhelekileyo," utshilo uJack Hoeck, usekela mongameli wenkampani, ebizwa ngokuba yiRexius.Ukuba inkunkuma eluhlaza ivela kwi-café okanye kwikhaya, abathengi banokuthi ngempazamo balahle ipakethe kumgqomo ongalunganga-okanye bangayiqondi into efanelekileyo ukubandakanya, kuba imigaqo inokuba yi-byzantine kwaye iyahluka ngokubanzi phakathi kwezixeko.Abanye abathengi bacinga ukuba "inkunkuma yokutya" ithetha nantoni na enxulumene nokutya, kuquka ukupakishwa, uHoeck uthi.Inkampani yagqiba ekubeni ithathe umgca onzima kwaye yamkele ukutya kuphela, nangona inokuba lula ukuvundisa izinto ezifana ne-napkins.Nokuba amaziko okwenza umgquba avala ukupakishwa, kusafuneka achithe ixesha ekuyilungiseni ekutyeni okubolayo.“Sinabantu esibahlawulayo kwaye kufuneka bayithathe yonke loo nto,” utshilo uPierce Louis, osebenza eDirthugger, indawo yokwenza umgquba."Kuyacaphukisa kwaye kuyacekiseka kwaye kuyoyikeka."
Unxibelelwano olungcono lunokunceda.IWashington State yaba yeyokuqala ukwamkela umthetho omtsha othi ukupakishwa okuvundisiweyo kufuneka kubonakale ngokulula nangokucacileyo ngeelebhile kunye nokuphawula okufana nemigca eluhlaza.“Ngokwembali, bekukho iimveliso eziqinisekisiweyo kwaye zithengiswa njenge-compostable kodwa imveliso isenokungashicilelwa,” utshilo uYepsen.“Oko kuya kuba semthethweni kwiLizwe laseWashington....Kuya kufuneka unxibelelane ngoku compostability. "
Abanye abavelisi basebenzisa iimilo ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa ukuvundisa.“Sazise ubume be-teardrop cutout kwiziphatho zezixhobo zethu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kwizixhobo zomgquba ukuqaphela ukumila kwethu kuthetha ukuvundiselwa,” utshilo u-Aseem Das, umseki kunye ne-CEO ye-World Centric, inkampani enye yeephakheji ezivundisiweyo.Uthi kusekho imingeni-umgca oluhlaza awukho nzima ukuwuprinta ekomityini, kodwa kunzima ukuprinta kwiziciko okanye kwiipakethi ze-clamshell (ezinye zifakwe embossed ngoku, ekunzima kakhulu kwizixhobo zokubumba umgquba ukuba zichonge).Njengoko ishishini lifumana iindlela ezingcono zokumakisha iipakethe, izixeko kunye neendawo zokutyela kuya kufuneka zifumane iindlela ezingcono zokwenza abathengi bazi into enokungena kumgqomo ngamnye ekuhlaleni.
Izitya zefiber ezibunjiweyo ezisetyenziswa ziindawo zokutyela ezinje ngeSweetgreen ziyavuthwa-kodwa ngoku, zikwanazo neekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba yiPFAS (per- kunye ne-polyfluoroalkyl substances), iikhompawundi ezifanayo ezidityaniswe ngumhlaza ezisetyenziswa kwezinye izinto zokupheka ezingakhuni.Ukuba i-carton eyenziwe nge-PFAS ifakwe umgquba, i-PFAS iya kuphelela kumgquba, kwaye emva koko inokuphela ekutyeni okukhuliswe kunye naloo compost;Imichiza inokubanakho ukutshintshela ekutyeni kwisikhongozeli sokukhupha njengoko usitya.Iikhemikhali zongezwa kumxube njengoko izitya zenziwe ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukumelana negrisi kunye nokufuma ukuze i-fiber ingabi namanzi.Kwi-2017, i-Biodegradable Products Institute, evavanya kwaye iqinisekisa ukupakishwa kwe-compostability, ibhengeze ukuba iya kumisa ukupakisha ukupakisha okongezelela ngamabomu imichiza okanye igxininise kwizinga eliphantsi;nayiphi na ipakethe eqinisekisiweyo ngoku kuya kufuneka ikhuphe ukusetyenziswa kwePFAS kulo nyaka.ISan Francisco inesithintelo sokusetyenziswa kwezikhongozeli zenkonzo yokutya kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe ngePFAS, eza kuqala ukusebenza ngo-2020.
Ezinye iibhokisi ezicekethekileyo zokuthatha iphepha nazo zisebenzisa i-coating.Kunyaka ophelileyo, emva kokuba enye ingxelo ifumene imichiza kwiipakethe ezininzi, i-Whole Foods yabhengeza ukuba iya kufumana enye indlela yeebhokisi kwibhari yayo yesaladi.Ukugqibela kwam ukutyelela, ibha yesaladi yayigcwele iibhokisi zohlobo olubizwa ngokuba yiFold-Pak.Umvelisi uthe usebenzisa i-coating yobunikazi ethintela iikhemikhali ezine-fluorinated, kodwa ayinakunika iinkcukacha.Ezinye iipakethe ezivundisiweyo, ezifana neebhokisi ezenziwe ngeplastiki evundisiweyo, azenziwanga ngeekhemikhali.Kodwa kwifiber ebunjiweyo, ukufumana enye indlela kulucelomngeni.
"Amashishini ekhemikhali kunye nenkonzo yokutya ayikwazanga ukuza nenye indlela ethembekileyo enokuthi yongezwe kwi-slurry," utshilo uDas."Ezikhetho ke kukutshiza i-coating okanye i-laminate imveliso nge-PLA njengenkqubo yasemva.Sisebenza ekufumaneni iingubo ezinokusebenza ukubonelela ukuxhathisa igrisi.I-PLA lamination iyafumaneka kodwa yonyusa iindleko ngama-70-80%.Yindawo eya kufuna ukusungulwa okungaphezulu.
Inkampani eyenza izinto ezipakishwayo ngommoba, iZume, ithi inako ukuzithengisa izinto ezingagqunywanga ukuba abathengi bazifuna;xa inxibe iipakethi, isebenzisa olunye uhlobo lweekhemikhali zePFAS ekucingelwa ukuba zikhuselekile.Iyaqhuba ukukhangela ezinye izisombululo.“Sikubona oku njengethuba lokuqhuba inguqu ezinzileyo kwindawo yokupakisha nokuqhubela phambili ishishini,” utshilo uKeely Wachs, intloko yozinzo eZume.“Siyazi ukuba ifayibha ebunjiweyo iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekudaleni inkqubo yokutya ezinzileyo, kwaye ke sisebenza kunye namaqabane ukuphuhlisa ezinye izisombululo kwi-PFAS yamakhonkco amafutshane.Sinethemba njengoko kukho izinto ezintsha ezimangalisayo ezenzekayo kwisayensi yezixhobo, i-biotechnology, kunye nemveliso. ”
Kwizinto ezingenakuvundiswa emva kwendlu-kwaye nabani na ongenayadi okanye ixesha lokuzivundisa ngokwabo-iinkqubo ze-composting zedolophu kuya kufuneka zandise ukupakishwa kwe-compostable ukwenza ingqiqo.Okwangoku, i-Chipotle ikhonza izitya ze-burrito kwi-compostable package kuzo zonke iindawo zayo zokutyela;kuphela ngama-20% eendawo zokutyela ezinenkqubo yokwenziwa komgquba, umda weziphi iinkqubo zesixeko ezikhoyo.Inyathelo lokuqala kukufumana indlela yokuba abaqulunqi bemizi-mveliso bafune ukupakisha-nokuba loo nto ilungisa ingxaki yexesha elithathayo ukupakisha ukudilizwa okanye eminye imiba, njengenyaniso yokuba iifama ze-organic zifuna ukuthenga kuphela umgquba owenziweyo. ekutyeni."Ungaqala ukuthetha, ngokwenyani, yintoni onokuthi uyitshintshe kwimodeli yeshishini lakho ukuze ukwazi ukwenza umgquba ngempumelelo iimveliso ezivundisiweyo?"utsho uYepsen.
Iziseko ezingundoqo ezomeleleyo ziyakuthatha inkxaso-mali eninzi, kunye nemimiselo emitsha, utsho.Xa izixeko zigqithisa amatyala afuna ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye-kwaye kuvumeleke ngaphandle ukuba ukupakishwa kuyahlanganiswa-kuya kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba banendlela yokuqokelela ezo phakheji kwaye ngokwenene zivundise.IChicago, umzekelo, isandula kuthathela ingqalelo umthetho oyilwayo wokuvala ezinye iimveliso kwaye ifuna ukuba ezinye ziphinde zisetyenziswe okanye zivuthwe.UYepsen uthi: “Abanayo inkqubo yokuqinisa umgquba.“Ke ngoko sifuna ukuba kwimeko yokusondela eChicago xa izinto ezinje zifika zithi, heyi, siyalixhasa inyathelo lakho lokuba nezinto ezivundisiweyo, kodwa nali i-bill yeqabane elingudade ekufuneka ube nesicwangciso ngalo. ukwakhiwa komgquba.Ngaphandle koko, akukho ngqiqweni ukufuna ukuba amashishini abe neemveliso ezivundisiweyo.”
U-Adele Peters ngumbhali wabasebenzi kwiNkampani ekhawulezayo egxile kwizisombululo zezona ngxaki zinkulu zehlabathi, ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya ekungabinamakhaya.Ngaphambili, ebesebenza ne-GOOD, i-BioLite, kunye neNkqubo yeeMveliso eziZinzileyo kunye neziSombululo e-UC Berkeley, kwaye waba negalelo kuhlelo lwesibini lweyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu ethi “WorldChanging: A User’s Guide for the 21st Century.”
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-19-2019