Izinhlelo zokusebenza, izincwadi, amamuvi, umculo, izinhlelo ze-TV, nobuciko kukhuthaza abantu bethu abanobuhlakani obukhulu ebhizinisini kule nyanga.
Ithimba eliwine imiklomelo lezintatheli, abaklami, nabathwebuli bevidiyo abaxoxa izindaba zomkhiqizo ngelensi ehlukile ye-Fast Company.
Uma uthenga i-smoothie e-Portland, e-Oregon, isiphuzo singase sifike endebeni yepulasitiki evundisiwe, ukukhetha umnikazi ocabangelayo angakwenza ukuze enze imisebenzi yakhe ibe yinhle.Ungase ucabange, ngokushesha nje, ukuthi usiza ukugwema ingxenye yenkinga yemfucuza yomhlaba wonke.Kodwa uhlelo lwe-Portland lokwenza umquba, njengasemadolobheni amaningi, luvimbela ngokukhethekile ukupakishwa okuhlanganiswe emigqonyeni yalo eluhlaza-futhi lolu hlobo lwepulasitiki ngeke luphuke kumquba ongasemuva.Nakuba ivuthwa ngokobuchwepheshe, isitsha sizogcina sisendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu (noma mhlawumbe olwandle), lapho ipulasitiki ingase ihlale isikhathi eside njengomlingani wayo wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi.
Isibonelo esisodwa sesistimu enikeza isithembiso esimangalisayo sokulungisa kabusha inkinga yethu yemfucuza kodwa futhi enamaphutha amakhulu.Cishe amadolobha ayi-185 kuphela acosha imfucumfucu yokudla eceleni komgwaqo ukuze kwenziwe umquba, futhi angaphansi kwengxenye yalawo nawo amukela ukupakishwa okuhlanganisiwe.Ezinye zalezo phakheji zingahlanganiswa kuphela indawo yokwenza umquba wezimboni;abanye abadidiyeli bezimboni bathi abawufuni, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene ezihlanganisa nenselelo yokuzama ukulungisa amapulastiki ajwayelekile, futhi iqiniso kungathatha isikhathi eside ukuthi upulasitiki ovundisiwe ubhidlike kunenqubo yawo evamile.Olunye uhlobo lwezinto ezifakwa ku-compostable luqukethe ikhemikhali ehlobene nomdlavuza.
Njengoba izinkampani zizabalaza ukubhekana nenselelo yokusetshenziswa okukodwa, izinketho zokwenziwa komquba ziya zivame kakhulu, futhi abathengi bangase bakubheke njengokuwasha okuluhlaza ukube bazi ukuthi lokho okupakishwayo ngeke kuphinde kufakwe umquba.Uhlelo, nokho, seluqala ukushintsha, okuhlanganisa nokuqamba okusha ezintweni zokwakha.“Lezi izinkinga ezingaxazululeka, akuzona izinkinga ezingokwemvelo,” kusho uRhodes Yepsen, umqondisi omkhulu wenhlangano engenzi nzuzo ye-Biodegradable Products Institute.Uma isistimu ingalungiswa—njengoba nje isistimu yokugaywa kabusha ephukile idinga ukulungiswa—ingaba ingxenye eyodwa yokuxazulula inkinga enkulu yokukhula kukadoti.Akusona isixazululo kuphela.U-Yepsen uthi kunengqondo ukuqala ngokunciphisa ukupakishwa nokubeka phambili imikhiqizo esebenziseka kabusha, bese uklama noma yini esele ukuze igaywe kabusha noma ihlanganiswe ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza.Kodwa ukupakisha okuvundile kwenza umqondo othile ngokudla;uma kokubili ukudla nokudla kungahlanganiswa ndawonye, kungasiza futhi ukugcina ukudla okwengeziwe kungangeni ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, lapho kuwumthombo omkhulu we-methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla.
Ukwenza umquba kusheshisa inqubo yemvelo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo—njenge-apula elidliwe ingxenye encane—ngezinhlelo ezidala izimo ezifanele zezilwanyana ezincane ezidla udoti.Kwezinye izimo, lokho kulula njengenqwaba yokudla nemfucumfucu yasegcekeni umuntu ayiphendulela mathupha ngemuva kwendlu.Ingxube yokushisa, imisoco, nomoya-mpilo kufanele kube okulungile ukuze inqubo isebenze kahle;imigqomo yomquba nemiphongolo yenza yonke into ishise, okusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwemfucuza ibe umquba ocebile, omnyama ongasetshenziswa engadini njengomanyolo.Amanye amayunithi aze aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngaphakathi ekhishini.
Ku-compost yasekhaya noma inqwaba yasemuva, izithelo nemifino kungaphuka kalula.Kodwa umgqomo osegcekeni cishe ngeke ushise ngokwanele ukudiliza ipulasitiki elivundisiwe, njengebhokisi lokukhipha le-bioplastic noma imfoloko eyenziwe nge-PLA (i-polylactic acid), into ekhiqizwa ngommbila, umoba, noma ezinye izitshalo.Idinga inhlanganisela efanele yokushisa, izinga lokushisa, nesikhathi—into engenzeka kuphela endaweni yokwenza umquba wezimboni, futhi nalapho kuphela kwezinye izimo.UFrederik Wurm, usokhemisi eMax Planck Institute for Polymer Research, ubize izinhlanga ze-PLA ngokuthi “isibonelo esiphelele sokuwashwa okuluhlaza,” njengoba uma zigcina zingena olwandle, ngeke ziwohloke.
Izikhungo eziningi zikamasipala zokuvundisa ekuqaleni zaziklanyelwe ukuthatha imfucuza yasegcekeni njengamahlamvu namagatsha, hhayi ukudla.Ngisho namanje, ezikhungweni ezingu-4,700 ezithatha imfucuza eluhlaza, zi-3% kuphela ezithatha ukudla.I-San Francisco kwakuyidolobha elasheshe lamukela lo mbono, lihlola ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza yokudla ngo-1996 futhi yethula lelo dolobha lonke ngo-2002. (USttletle walandela ngo-2004, futhi ekugcineni namanye amadolobha amaningi nawo enza kanjalo; IBoston ingelinye lakamuva, elinomshayeli wendiza. kusukela kulo nyaka.) Ngo-2009, iSan Francisco yaba idolobha lokuqala e-US ukwenza ukugaywa kabusha kokudla kube yimpoqo, ukuthumela imfucumfucu yokudla egcwele amaloli endaweni esabalele eCentral Valley yaseCalifornia, lapho igayiwe futhi ibekwe ezinqwabani ezinkulu, ezinomoya.Njengoba ama-microorganisms ehlafuna ukudla, izinqwaba zishisa kuze kufike ku-170 degrees.Ngemva kwenyanga, impahla isakazwa kwenye indawo, lapho iphendulwa umshini nsuku zonke.Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-90 kuye kweziyi-130, isilungele ukuthi ihlolwe futhi idayiselwe abalimi njengomquba.I-Recology, okuyinkampani ephethe lesi sikhungo, ithi isidingo somkhiqizo sinamandla, ikakhulukazi njengoba iCalifornia yamukela ukusabalalisa umquba emapulazini njengendlela yokusiza inhlabathi ukumunca ikhabhoni emoyeni ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ngokulahlwa kokudla, kusebenza kahle.Kodwa ukupakisha okuhlanganiswe ne-compostable kungaba inselele nakakhulu ngisho nasesikhungweni salowo sayizi.Eminye imikhiqizo ingathatha izinyanga ezifika kweziyisithupha ukuthi ibhilide, kanti okhulumela iRecology uthi ezinye zezinto kufanele zihlolwe ekugcineni bese kwenziwa inqubo okwesibili.Ezinye iziqukathi eziningi ezivundisiwe ziyahlolwa ekuqaleni, ngoba zibukeka njengepulasitiki evamile, futhi zithunyelwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu.Ezinye izindawo zokwenza umquba ezisebenza ngokushesha, ezihlose ukukhiqiza umquba omningi ukuze zidayiswe ngangokunokwenzeka, azizimisele ukulinda izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba imfoloko ibole futhi abakwamukeli nhlobo.
Izikhwama eziningi zama-chip zigcina sezisendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, njengoba zenziwe ngezingqimba eziningi zezinto ezingakwazi ukugaywa kabusha kalula.Isikhwama esisha esithuthukiswayo manje esivela kwa-PepsiCo kanye nenkampani yokupakisha i-Danimer Scientific ihlukile: Senziwe ngento entsha ebizwa nge-PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) u-Danimer azoqala ukuyikhiqiza ngokuthengisa ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka, isikhwama siklanyelwe ukuphuka kalula kangangokuthi kufakwe umquba ku-compost engemuva kwendlu, futhi izophahlazeka emanzini abandayo olwandle, kungashiyi ipulasitiki ngemuva.
Kusesigabeni sokuqala, kodwa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa.Njengoba iziqukathi ze-PLA ezijwayelekile manje zingakwazi ukuvundiswa ekhaya, futhi izindawo zokwenza umquba wezimboni zinqikaza ukusebenza nale nto, i-PHA inikeza enye indlela.Uma igcina isendaweni yokwenza umquba wezimboni, izobhidlika ngokushesha, isize ukuxazulula enye yezinselelo kulawo mabhizinisi."Uma uthatha [i-PLA] wenze umquba wangempela, bafuna ukushintsha leyo nto ngokushesha," kusho uStephen Croskrey, i-CEO ka-Danimer.“Ngenxa yokuthi uma bekwazi ukuyijika ngokushesha, kulapho benza imali eningi.Izinto zizodilizwa kumquba wazo.Abakuthandi nje ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside kunalokho abafuna kuthathe.”
I-PHA, engabuye iguqulwe ibe yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yepulasitiki, yenziwe ngendlela ehlukile."Sithatha uwoyela wemifino bese siwapha amagciwane," kusho uCroskrey.Amabhaktheriya enza ipulasitiki ngokuqondile, futhi ukwakheka kusho ukuthi amabhaktheriya aphinde ayiphule kalula kunepulasitiki evamile esekelwe ezitshalweni.“Okwenza isebenze kahle kangaka ekucekeleni phansi kwezinto eziphilayo yingoba iwumthombo wokudla okhethwayo wamagciwane.Ngakho-ke uma nje uyichaya kumagciwane, azoqala ukuyidla, futhi izophela.”(Eshalofini lesitolo esikhulu noma elolini lokulethwa, lapho ambalwa amagciwane ekhona, iphakheji izozinza ngokuphelele.) Ukuhlola kuqinisekisile ukuthi iphuka ngisho namanzi olwandle abandayo.
Ukunikeza ithuba lokuthi iphakethe lifakwe umquba ekhaya kungasiza ukugcwalisa igebe kubantu abangakwazi ukufinyelela ukwenza umquba onqenqemeni.“Lapho singakwazi ukususa izithiyo kubathengi ukuze bazibandakanye ohlotsheni lokwenza umquba noma ukugaywa kabusha, kungcono,” kusho u-Simon Lowden, umongameli kanye nesikhulu esiphezulu sezentengiso sokudla komhlaba wonke kwa-PepsiCo, ohola i-ajenda yenkampani yamapulasitiki esimeme.Le nkampani isebenza ngezixazululo eziningi zemikhiqizo nezimakethe ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nesikhwama se-chip esigaywa kabusha esizothengiswa maduze.Kodwa isikhwama esibolayo singenza umqondo owengeziwe ezindaweni lapho amandla ekhona okusidiliza.Isikhwama esisha sizomakethwa ngo-2021. (u-Nestlé uhlela ukusebenzisa le nto ukwenza amabhodlela amanzi epulasitiki, nakuba abanye ochwepheshe bephikisana ngokuthi ukupakishwa okuvundisiwe kufanele kusetshenziselwe kuphela imikhiqizo engakwazi ukugaywa kabusha kalula noma isetshenziswe kabusha.) I-PepsiCo ihlose ukwenza wonke amaphakheji ayo asebenziseke kabusha, avundiswe, noma aboleke ngo-2025 ukuze asize ngezinjongo zawo zesimo sezulu.
Uma impahla ingavundisiwe futhi ingcolile ngephutha, isazonyamalala.“Uma umkhiqizo osuselwa kuphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi noma umkhiqizo ovuthwa yizimboni ungena emfudlaneni noma entweni ethile bese uphelela olwandle, ulokhu ugingqika laphaya unomphela,” kusho uCroskrey."Umkhiqizo wethu, uma ulahlwa njengodoti, uzophela."Ngenxa yokuthi yenziwe ngamafutha emifino kunezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, iphinde ibe ne-carbon footprint ephansi.I-Pepsi ilinganisela ukuthi iphakheji izoba ne-40-50% ephansi ye-carbon footprint kunephakheji yayo yamanje eguquguqukayo.
Okunye okuqanjwe kabusha ezintweni zokwakha nakho kungasiza.I-Loliware, eyenza utshani ngezinto ezisekelwe olwandle, iklame utshani ukuthi “buvundise kakhulu” (futhi budleke).I-CuanTec ezinze e-Scotland yenza ukugoqa kwepulasitiki ngamagobolondo e-shellfish—isitolo esikhulu sase-UK esihlela ukusisebenzisa ukusonga izinhlanzi—okungavundiswa ngemuva kwendlu.I-Cambridge Crops yenza ungqimba oluvikelekile oludliwayo, olunganambitheki, oluzinzile (futhi oluvundisiwe) lokudla olungasiza ekuqedeni isidingo sokugoqa ipulasitiki.
Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, enye indawo enkulu yokwenza umquba e-Oregon yamemezela ukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokwamukela ukupakishwa okuhlanganisiwe, ngeke isakwazi.Inselelo enkulu, bathi, kunzima kakhulu ukukhomba ukuthi iphakethe liyavuthwa yini.“Uma ubona inkomishi ecwebile, awazi noma yenziwe nge-PLA noma ngepulasitiki evamile,” kusho uJack Hoeck, iphini likamongameli wenkampani, ebizwa ngeRexius.Uma udoti oluhlaza uvela esitolo noma ekhaya, abathengi kungenzeka balahle iphakheji ngephutha emgqonyeni ongalungile—noma bangase bangaqondi ukuthi yini okulungile ukuyihlanganisa, njengoba imithetho ingaba yi-Byzantine futhi ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamadolobha.Abanye abathengi bacabanga ukuthi "imfucuza yokudla" isho noma yini ehlobene nokudla, okuhlanganisa nokupakisha, kusho uHoeck.Inkampani yanquma ukuthatha umugqa oqinile futhi yamukele ukudla kuphela, nakuba ikwazi ukwenza umquba kalula njengama-napkins.Ngisho nalapho izikhungo zokwenza umquba zivimbela ukupakishwa, kusadingeka bachithe isikhathi beyilungisa ekudleni okubolayo."Sinabantu esibakhokhela izingcezu futhi kufanele bazikhethele konke," kusho uPierce Louis, osebenza eDirthugger, indawo yokwenza umquba.“Kuyacasula futhi kuyanyanyisa futhi kubi.”
Ukukhulumisana okungcono kungasiza.I-Washington State yaba ngeyokuqala ukwamukela umthetho omusha othi ukupakishwa okuhlanganisiwe kufanele kubonakale kalula futhi kalula ngamalebula nokumaka okufana nemigqa eluhlaza."Ngokomlando, bekunemikhiqizo ebithola isitifiketi futhi imakethwa njenge-compostable kodwa umkhiqizo kungenzeka ungaphrintiwe," kusho u-Yepsen.“Lokho kuzobe kungekho emthethweni eSifundazweni SaseWashington....Kufanele ukhulume ngalokho compostability. "
Abanye abakhiqizi basebenzisa izimo ezihlukene ukuze babonise ukuvunda."Sethule isimo sokusika i-teardrop ezibambolweni zezitsha zethu, okwenza kube lula ukuthi izindawo zokwenza umquba zibone ukuthi umumo wethu uyavuthwa," kusho u-Aseem Das, umsunguli kanye ne-CEO ye-World Centric, inkampani eyodwa yamaphakheji e-compostable.Uthi kusenezinselelo—umugqa oluhlaza akunzima ukuwuphrinta enkomishini, kodwa kunzima ukuphrinta ezivaloni noma kumaphakethe amagobolondo (amanye aseqoshwe manje, okunzima kakhulu ukuthi akwazi ukuhlonza izinsiza zokwenza umquba).Njengoba imboni ithola izindlela ezingcono zokumaka amaphakheji, amadolobha nezindawo zokudlela kuzodingeka futhi zithole izindlela ezingcono zokwazisa abathengi ukuthi yini engahamba emgqonyeni ngamunye endaweni.
Izitsha zefayibha ezibunjiwe ezisetshenziswa izindawo zokudlela ezifana ne-Sweetgreen ziyavuthwa—kodwa njengamanje, futhi ziqukethe amakhemikhali abizwa nge-PFAS (per- kanye ne-polyfluoroalkyl substances), izinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezixhunywe umdlavuza ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokupheka ezingafakwanga.Uma ibhokisi elenziwe nge-PFAS livundisiwe, i-PFAS izophelela kumquba, bese igcina isisekudleni okutshalwe ngalowo mquba;amakhemikhali angase akwazi ukudlulisela ekudleni esitsheni esikhiphayo njengoba udla.Amakhemikhali engezwa ekuxubeni njengoba izitsha zenziwe ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namafutha kanye nomswakama ukuze i-fiber ingagxili.Ngo-2017, i-Biodegradable Products Institute, ehlola futhi eqinisekisa ukupakishwa kwe-compostability, yamemezela ukuthi izoyeka ukuqinisekisa ukupakishwa okwengeze ngamabomu ikhemikhali noma okugxilwe ngaphezu kwezinga eliphansi;noma yikuphi ukupakishwa okuqinisekisiwe njengamanje kuzofanele kuqede ukusetshenziswa kwe-PFAS kulo nyaka.ISan Francisco inesivimbelo sokusebenzisa iziqukathi zesevisi yokudla kanye nezitsha ezenziwe nge-PFAS, okuzoqala ukusebenza ngo-2020.
Amanye amabhokisi amancane okukhipha amaphepha nawo asebenzisa i-coating.Ngonyaka odlule, ngemva kokuba omunye umbiko uthole amakhemikhali emaphaketheni amaningi, i-Whole Foods yamemezela ukuthi izothola enye indlela yamabhokisi endaweni yayo yamasaladi.Lapho ngigcina ukuvakashela, ibha yesaladi yayifakwe amabhokisi omkhiqizo okuthiwa i-Fold-Pak.Umkhiqizi uthe isebenzisa i-coating yobunikazi egwema amakhemikhali ane-fluorinated, kodwa ngeke inikeze imininingwane.Amanye amaphakheji ahlanganiswayo, njengamabhokisi enziwe ngepulasitiki evundisiwe, awakhiwe ngamakhemikhali.Kodwa ku-fiber ebunjiwe, ukuthola enye indlela kuyinselele.
“Izimboni zamakhemikhali nezokudla azikwazanga ukuqhamuka nenye indlela ethembekile engase yengezwe odaka,” kusho uDas.“Izinketho ziwukufafaza isimbozo noma ukulanisa umkhiqizo nge-PLA njengenqubo yangemuva.Sisebenzela ukuthola ama-coatings angasebenza ukuze anikeze ukumelana kwamafutha.I-PLA lamination iyatholakala kodwa inyusa izindleko ngo-70-80%.Yindawo ezodinga ukusungulwa okwengeziwe.
Inkampani eyenza izinto ezipakishwayo ngomoba, iZume, ithi ingakwazi ukudayisa izinto ezingafakwanga uma amakhasimende ezicela;uma igqoke amaphakheji, isebenzisa olunye uhlobo lwamakhemikhali e-PFAS okucatshangwa ukuthi aphephile.Iyaqhubeka nokubheka ezinye izixazululo."Lokhu sikubheka njengethuba lokuqhuba uguquko olusimeme endaweni yokupakisha nokuqhubekisela phambili imboni," kusho uKeely Wachs, inhloko yezokusimama eZume.“Siyazi ukuthi i-fiber ebunjiwe ehlanganisiwe iyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile, ngakho-ke sisebenzisana nozakwethu ukuthuthukisa ezinye izixazululo ze-PFAS yamaketanga amafushane.Sinethemba njengoba kunokuqanjwa okusha okumangalisayo okwenzeka kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, i-biotechnology, kanye nokukhiqiza.”
Okwezinto ezingakwazi ukufakwa umquba egcekeni elingemuva—futhi kunoma ubani ongenagceke noma isikhathi sokuzenza umquba ngokwakhe—izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa umquba wedolobha nazo kuzodingeka zandiswe ukuze kufakwe okuvundisiwe ukuze kube nengqondo.Njengamanje, i-Chipotle inikeza izitsha ze-burrito emaphaketheni ahlanganiswe kuzo zonke izindawo zokudlela;ama-20% kuphela ezindawo zokudlela zawo ezinohlelo lokwenza umquba, anqunyelwe ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zedolobha ezikhona.Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuthola indlela yokuthi abagqugquzeli basezimbonini bafune ukupakisha—noma ngabe lokho kulungisa inkinga yesikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ukupakishwa kubhidlizwe noma ezinye izinkinga, njengokuthi amapulazi emvelo okwamanje afuna ukuthenga umquba owenziwe. ekudleni."Ungaqala ukukhuluma, empeleni, yini okufanele uyishintshe kumodeli yebhizinisi lakho ukuze ukwazi ukwenza umquba ngempumelelo imikhiqizo evundisiwe?"kusho uYepsen.
Ingqalasizinda eqinile izodinga ukuxhaswa okwengeziwe, kanye nemithethonqubo emisha, usho kanje.Uma amadolobha edlulisa izikweletu ezidinga ukukhishwa kwepulasitiki yokusetshenziswa okukodwa-futhi avumele okuhlukile uma ukupakisha kuhlanganiswe-kuzodingeka baqinisekise ukuthi banendlela yokuqoqa lawo maphakheji futhi bawafake umquba.I-Chicago, isibonelo, isanda kucubungula umthethosivivinywa wokuvimbela eminye imikhiqizo futhi idinga ukuthi eminye igaywe kabusha noma ihlanganiswe.“Abanalo uhlelo oluqinile lokuhlanganisa umquba,” kusho u-Yepsen.“Ngakho-ke sifuna ukuba sesimweni sokusondela eChicago sesimi ngomumo lapho kuvela izinto ezinjengalezo zithi, hheyi, siyaseseka uhlelo lwakho lokuba nezinto ezivundisiwe, kodwa nali ibhilidi elinguzakwabo oyidinga ngempela ukuze ube nohlelo lwawo. ingqalasizinda yokwenza umquba.Ngaphandle kwalokho, akunangqondo ukufuna amabhizinisi abe nemikhiqizo evundisiwe.”
U-Adele Peters ungumbhali wezisebenzi e-Fast Company ogxile ezisombululweni zezinkinga ezinkulu zomhlaba, kusukela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekusweleni amakhaya.Phambilini, ubesebenza ne-GOOD, BioLite, kanye nohlelo lweSustainable Products and Solutions e-UC Berkeley, futhi waba nesandla oshicilelweni lwesibili lwencwadi ethengwa kakhulu ethi “Worldchanging: A User’s Guide for the 21st Century.”
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-19-2019